Method and apparatus for handling of clock information in serial link ports

ABSTRACT

A receiver for a serial link port that is enhanced by a clock-data-recovery loop connected to the forwarded clock signal lane. The receiver includes a phase interpolation means controlled by a phase position logic which gets its update signal from local phase update signals of the clock-data-recovery loop via a digital low pass filter. The receiver also provides a global phase update source selection logic to control which clock-data-recovery loop is distributing phase update information, and which clock-data-recovery loop is receiving phase update information based on the clock analysis block.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/484,406 filedJul. 11, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,684,534 which issued on March 23,2010.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to handling of clock information in seriallink ports. In particular, it relates to latency reduction, increase ofreliability and/or out-of-band information signaling in serial ports.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Clock-data-recovery, also known as CDR, loops in serial datatransmission links measure the position of the transition between logicstates one-to-zero, zero-to-one, or multilevel-transitions and use acontrol loop to dynamically adjust the phase of the data sampling clockto an optimum position for minimum errors. This requires high-speedsampling latches in the receiver front end, a high-speed phase detectionlogic function, the appropriate clock generation building blocks, and ameans to adjust the phase of the clock. In Gu-Yeon Wei, Jaeha Kim, DeanLiu, Stefanos Sidiropoulos, and Mark A. Horowitz, “A variable-frequencyparallel I/O interface with adaptive power-supply regulation”, IEEEJournal of solid-state circuits, vol. 35, no. 11, November 2000, p.1600-1610, and in Stefanos Sidiropoulos, Mark A. Horowitz, “ASemidigital Dual Delay-Locked Loop”, IEEE Journal of solid-statecircuits, vol. 32, no. 11, November 1997, p. 1683-1692, phase adjustmentloops according to the above description are depicted. US2004/0218705A1gives a detailed description of a CDR system with digital phaseadjustment.

It has to be noted that the adjustment of the clock phase as outlinedabove is controlled by a digital signal. This digital signal inherentlycarries information about the dynamic phase difference between thereference signal and the data signal. The reason for this is that theCDR control loop operates to minimize the phase difference between clockand data phase as it is detected by the high-speed phase detection logicfunction—the error signal in the loop is therefore an equivalentrepresentation of the phase difference between clock and data, and thedigital block controlling the phase of the clock is holding the phasevalue.

There are systems where only one serial link is used to connecttransmitter and receiver. An extension of these systems can be achievedwhen two or more serial links are bundled to form a serial port toachieve higher aggregate data throughput. One advantage of this approachlies in the fact that the instantaneous phases of all data lanes in aport are highly correlated because the same clock signal is used in thetransmitter to launch all the data signals. An example for such a systemis described in the IEEE 802.3ae XAUI standard.

To further extend the concept of a serial port, an additional signalcontaining information about the clock can be forwarded from thetransmitter to the receiver in the form of a dedicated clock lane. Thissignal is called the ‘forwarded clock signal’ and its instantaneousphase is again highly correlated to the instantaneous phases of all datalanes and vice versa. An example for such a system with a forwardedclock signal is described in the HyperTransport standard or the OIF SFI5standard. It should be noted that those applications feature afull-duplex signaling scheme where two serial ports are connectedbetween two chips in opposite direction, one south-bound and onenorth-bound.

The phase correlation can be exploited in the receiver when sharingphase update information between the individual channels, in particularsharing the phase information of the forwarded clock signal with theindividual data lanes of a serial port. The phase information inherentlypresent in the forwarded clock signal can therefore be used to replace astandalone receiver clock generator to generate the base signal for thedata sampling clocks by means of a clock buffer driven by the forwardedclock signal, a Phase Locked Loop, PLL, with a reference frequencyderived from the forwarded clock signal, or Delay Locked Loop, DLL, withits input signal derived from the forwarded clock signal.

A benefit of using the forwarded clock signal to act as the clockgeneration unit in the receiver is that the individual CDR loops of thedata lanes can be implemented with reduced bandwidth and therefore powerand/or first chip area, because most of the phase uncertainty iseliminated by leveraging the phase correlation between data and clock.In particular, the individual CDR loops could operate only periodicallyto save power.

The phase of the recovered data from each lane in the serial port isreferenced to the recovered clock signal. In general, the recovered datais transferred to a digital core where the information contained in thedata signals is processed. For this, the phase of the data signals hasto be aligned with the clock of the digital core. This is achieved bymeans of a synchronizer consisting typically of a First-In-First-Out,FIFO, buffer with separate write and read addresses. The separate writeand read addresses enables the FIFO to accept data from one side to bewritten at a given position write address, and to write data to theoutput of the FIFO depending on the read address. The distance of thewrite and read address has to be larger than the maximum phasedifference between the clock of the recovered data and the clock of thedigital core to avoid non-causal behavior e.g. reading data before it iswritten. A control loop can be added to ensure the appropriate update ofthe read and write addresses to achieve a relatively improvedperformance.

Three problems are associated with this traditional approach. First, therecovered data on the receiver chip has to be passed to the digital corefunctionality of that chip where it is actually processed. However, dueto the fact that the phase of the recovered data is dynamically adjustedin the CDR loop to achieve minimum errors, there is a dynamic phasedifference between the recovered data and the core clock of the chip. Tocompensate for this difference, a synchronizer circuit is used to addphase elasticity between the output of the CDR and the input of the corelogic as described above. The larger the dynamic phase uncertaintybetween the recovered data clock and the core clock, the more stageshave to be added to the FIFO in the synchronizer. This increases thelatency of the transmission system which is particularly problematic forinterconnect systems over short distances and for latency critical linksas found in memory applications. Second, the use of the forwarded clocksignal in the function of the receiver clock generator has thedisadvantage of introducing a single point of failure. When the clocksignal is not arriving at the receiver, for example because a connectorin the transmission channel has oxidized, the entire receiver will stopfunctioning due to lack of a proper clock. This is particularly negativein systems with high reliability requirements. A spare lane is typicallyadded for systems with such high reliability requirements, and ahigh-frequency analog switch is added to the front end to route theclock to the spare lane. High-frequency switching is a demanding taskbecause of the associated parasitic capacitive loading of the lanes andthe jitter penalty associated with the programmable routing. Third,because the forwarded clock signal is required to be a continuoussignal, the transmission of any additional information via that reservedlane, other than the phase information, is denied. In particular, it isnot possible to use that lane for out-of-band signaling of statusinformation or for signaling of equalization settings. It is also verydifficult to assess the quality of the clock signal. However, notknowing the clock quality leads to the situation where unscheduleddown-time of the system is highly probable. To ensure high quality clocksignals, special care can be applied to the routing of the clock signal,for example to avoid unwanted cross talk signal injections. However,this complicates the board design and, in the case of a failover modewhen the clock is transmitted over a data lane, the specific layout isno longer present.

US Patent Publication number 2004/0208270A1 describes a method togenerate, distribute and share the phase update information of one ormany CDR loops with one or many other CDR loops and it describes amethod for a clock generator whose phase is controlled via said sharedphase information. In contrast to the setup described in the previoussection where the correlation information was distributed in the form ofan analog signal, systems such as the one detailed in 2004/0208270A1distribute the correlation information in digital signal form. Theadvantage of this approach is that the digital signals are not prone toany noise or drift due to their quantized nature. It is also the casethat the digital phase information can be distributed at a fraction ofthe frequency of the high-speed forwarded clock signals, therebyreducing complexity, power and first chip area.

FIG. la illustrates a serial link system according to the prior artformed by a full-duplex configuration of two serial link ports between afirst chip 101 having a core 103 and a second chip 102 having a core104. The second chip 102 includes a serial transmitter port 105connected via a plurality of data lanes 107 and a clock lane 108 to thereceiver serial link port 106 on the first chip 101. Similarly, thefirst chip 101 includes a serial transmitter port 105 connected via aplurality of data lanes 107 and a clock lane 108 to the receiver seriallink port 106 on the second chip 101. The first and second chip aresynchronized by distribution of a first reference clock signal 110 tofirst chip 101 and a second reference clock signal 111 to second chip102. The first and second reference clock signals 110 111 originate froma reference clock generator 109. The reference signals 110 111 may havethe same frequency, but with variable instantaneous phases. They mayhave a rational number ratio between their frequencies, and they may begenerated by different independent sources. Such a configuration mightbe found for example in multi-processor applications where twoprocessors exchange information. U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,163 and 5,832,047describe such serial link systems and the HyperTransport consortium hasspecified such a serial link system in the HyperTransport standards.

The serial links as depicted in FIG. 1 a can be modified to implement aunidirectional serial link system or a daisy chained serial link systemas depicted in FIG. 1 b and FIG. 1 c. These and other similarconfigurations are outlined in the HyperTransport standards as publishedby the HyperTransport consortium. FIG. 1 b for example illustrates ablock diagram of such a unidirectional serial data transmission systemfrom a first chip 101 to a second chip 102. The first chip 101 includesa serial transmitter port 105 connected via a plurality of data lanes107 and a clock lane 108 to the receiver serial link port 106 on thesecond chip 101. The two chips are synchronized by distribution of afirst reference clock signal 110 to the first chip 101 and a secondreference clock signal 111 to the second chip 102, both referencesignals originating from a reference clock generator 109. Such aconfiguration might be found for example in a switch chip whereinformation is flowing through a chip in one direction only. FIG. 1 cillustrates a similar system as depicted in FIG. 1 a, but enhancedaccording to the prior art to form a daisy chain serial port between afirst chip 101 having a core 103, and second chip 102 having a core 104.A receiver serial link port 106 on the first chip 101 receives data on aplurality of data lanes 107 and information on a clock lane 108 from anupstream device, not shown. A transmitter serial link port 105 isconnected via a plurality of data lanes 107 and a clock lane 108 to therespective receiver serial link port 106 on the second chip 102. Atransmitter serial link port 105 on the second chip 102 transmits dataand clock data to a downstream device, not shown. The two chips aresynchronized by distribution of a first reference clock signal 110 tofirst chip 101 and a second reference clock signal 111 to second chip102, both reference signals originating from a reference clock generator109. The reference signals 110 111 may have the same frequency, but withvariable instantaneous phases. They may have a rational number ratiobetween their frequencies, and they can be generated by differentindependent sources. Such a configuration might be found for example inmemory buffer applications one memory buffer is transferring data fromupstream memory buffers to memory buffers downstream. Example for such asystem is shown in the JEDEC Fully Buffered DIMM standard.

FIG. 2 illustrates a receiver according to the prior art. A plurality ofdata lanes 107 and a forwarded clock signal lane 108 are incident to thereceiver of the serial port. A clock failover mode switch logic 201 iscontrolling a multiplexer 202 via a control signal 232 and gets itstrigger signal 208 from a analog clock quality analysis block 207. Theoutput signal 204 of the multiplexer 202 is fed to a clock buffer 205which can comprise a PLL. The analog clock quality analysis block 207analyses the quality of the clock signal 204 and can also be fed by thebuffered clock signal 225 via a second path 206. The output of the clockbuffer 205 is fed into a plurality of CDR loops 212 which are connectedto each of the incoming data lanes 107. The CDR loop comprises a datareceiver frontend 211, a CDR logic 213, a phase position logic 210 and aphase adjuster 209 to adjust the phase of the buffered clock signal 225.The CDR logic 213 analyzes the phase difference between the inputsignals of the data receiver frontend 211, and minimizes this phasedifference by updating the phase position logic 210 accordingly. The CDRlogic feeds the recovered data signal 214 and the recovered clock signal215 from each CDR loop 212 to a synchronizer block 216 where the dynamicphase difference between the recovered clock signals 215 and the coreclock signal 224 is compensated. Each synchronizer 216 comprises acircular FIFO 217, a write/read address logic 218 and a synchronizationflip-flop 219. The clock of the synchronization flip-flop 219 is derivedfrom the core clock signal 224 which is generated in the core clockgenerator 222 and thereby referenced back to the external referenceclock signal 223.

There may be a significant amount of dynamic phase difference betweenthe clock path that extends from the reference clock generator 109, thereference clock distribution 110 to the transmitter 105, over the clocksignal 108, through multiplexer 202, clock buffer 205, CDR loop 212 tothe recovered clock signal 215 on one side, and the clock path thatextends from the reference generator 109, the reference clockdistribution 111, core clock generator 222 to the core clock outputsignal 224. There are many sources for the dynamic change of the phasesin the above described paths which can include for example variations inthe supply voltage affecting delays in electronic circuits, variation inthe temperature affecting delays in electronic circuits, variation inthe humidity affecting board impedances, noise effects affecting delaysin electronic circuits. The synchronizer requires the ability tocompensate for the worst case combination of all potential phasevariations to guarantee a low error probability in the serial linktransmission system. This is driving the requirement to add many stagesto the FIFO in the synchronizer, which is directly proportional tolatency introduced to the serial link transmission system. Latencyprevents data from being processed quickly, and so such effects areunwanted in most serial link transmission systems. Also, more FIFOstages necessitate higher power consumption and more first chip area toimplement the synchronizer.

FIG. 5 illustrates a synchronizer according to the prior art. The datafrom a clock-data-recovery loop 214 is fed into a receive FIFO 217 wherethe data is stored in the sequence of arrival. The recovered clock fromthe clock-data-recovery loop 215 is fed to the load address logic 501where the address of the storage place in the FIFO is generated. Anunloading address logic 504 selects one of the outputs of a multiplexer502 and feeds this output signal 503 to a synchronization flip-flop 219.The clock signal from the core 224 is connected to both the unloadaddress logic 504 as well as the synchronization flip-flop 219. The loadaddress logic 501 and the unload address logic 504 are combined in asingle write/read logic block 218. Similar synchronizers between twoclock boundaries are disclosed in the following; Application Note 130“CDR in Mercury Devices”, Altera Corporation, February, 2001; TechnicalNote “Introduction to the sysHSI Block ispXPGA and ispGDX2”; LatticeSemiconductor Corporation, April, 2003; by Ajanta Chakraborty “EfficientSelf-Timed Interfaces for Crossing Clock Domains—a thesis submitted tothe Department of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia,August, 2003; by Ingemar Söderquist, “Globally Updated MesochronousDesign Style GUM-design-style”, Proceedings of the 28th EuropeanSolid-State Circuits Conference, 24-26 Sep. 2002, Florence, Italy.

As noted above, the systems according to the state of the art requirethat the FIFO in the synchronizer has sufficient number of stages tohandle the maximum dynamic phase variation between the recovered dataclock signal and the core clock signal. Furthermore, the systems areprone to a single point of failure in that a failure in the clock pathwill result in failure of the entire serial port. Routing of the clocklane in order that unwanted signal injections are avoided may bedifficult. Finally, the forwarded clock signal is required to be acontinuous signal without the possibility to add out-of-band informationtransfer to this lane.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided areceiver for a serial link, comprising a first clock-data-recovery loophaving a digitally controlled phase adjuster to recover data and togenerate information about a phase difference between an input phase anda clock phase, a clock generator having a digitally controlled secondphase adjuster to adjust a phase of said clock generator, a distributorto distribute said phase difference information in digital form betweensaid first clock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled phaseadjuster of said clock generator, a synchronizer to transfer saidrecovered data to a clock domain with a clock derived from saiddigitally controlled phase adjuster of said clock generator.

Preferably, the receiver has one or a plurality of secondclock-data-recovery loops connected to data lanes. Preferably, thereceiver has at least two synchronizers, with each synchronizerconnected to one of said second clock-data-recovery loops. The firstclock-data-recovery loop may be connected directly or indirectly to aclock lane. At least one of the second clock-data recovery loops may beselected to act as a first clock-data recovery loop.

Preferably, more than one of said first or second clock-data recoveryloops may be selected to be connected directly or indirectly to one or aplurality of clock lanes. The second clock-data-recovery loops mayaccept digital phase update or phase difference information from outsidethe second clock-data-recovery loop and/or wherein the firstclock-data-recovery loops may transfer the phase difference or the phaseupdate information from the first clock-data-recovery loops to any otherelement in the receiver in digital form. Further, the phase updateinformation or the phase difference information generated in said firstclock-data-recovery loops may be distributed to some or all other thesecond clock-data-recovery loops and/or to the second phase adjuster ofthe clock generator. The distributor may be one or a plurality of wirescarrying digital signals, and may further comprise a digital filterconnected between the first clock-data-recovery loop and the secondphase adjuster of the clock generator. Alternatively, the digital filtermay be connected between the first clock-data-recovery loop and all thesecond clock-data-recovery loops.

An output clock from the second phase adjuster of the clock generatormay be used directly or indirectly to control a clock of a datatransmitter and/or a clock of a digital core. Further, the digitallycontrolled second phase adjuster of the clock generator may be locatedat the output of said clock generator. The digitally controlled secondphase adjuster of the clock generator may be located in a feedback loopwithin the clock generator. An output of the first clock-data-recoveryloop may be input to a clock analyzer. The clock analyzer may determinethe quality of the clock signal as recovered by firstclock-data-recovery loop, and the clock signal may be a variablewaveform. These variations may carry out-of-band information which maybe used to signal any of

-   -   status information such as a “synchronization completed”        indication, a “power ok” indication,    -   equalization information,    -   signal amplitude negotiation information,    -   information used for link mode switching such as electrical idle        indication, power-down indication, sleep mode indication.

Preferably, the output of the first clock-data-recovery loop is fed to adetector for detecting the out-of-band information, which may be used insaid serial link port receiver, or forwarded directly or afterprocessing to a data transmitter or to the digital core.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method for handling of clock information in a receiver of a seriallink. The method comprises a recovery step for recovering data via afirst clock-data-recovery loop having a digitally controlled phaseadjuster, an information generation step for generating informationabout a phase difference between an input phase and a clock phase, anadjustment step for adjusting a phase of a clock generator having adigitally controlled second phase adjuster, a distribution step fordistributing said phase difference information in digital form betweensaid first clock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled phaseadjuster of said clock generator, and a transferring step fortransferring said recovered data to a clock domain with a clock derivedfrom said digitally controlled phase adjuster of said clock generator.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provideda serial data transmission link system having a receiver in accordancewith the first aspect of the present invention.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provideda serial data transmission link system having a plurality of lanes eachhaving a receiver in accordance with the first aspect of the presentinvention.

According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provideda serial data transmission link system having a plurality of data lanesplus a forwarded clock signal lane each having a receiver in accordancewith the first aspect of the present invention.

According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is a datatransmission link system in daisy chain, full-duplex, half-duplex orsimultaneous bidirectional configuration combining two or more of theserial link transmission systems to transmit data between microprocessorchips.

Preferably, in case of a failure of said clock lane and/or failure ofthe first clock-data-recovery loop, then one of the secondclock-data-recovery loops may be selected to replace the failed clocklane or the failed first clock-data-recovery loop. Further, a phaseupdate source selection logic may control which of the secondclock-data-recovery loops is selected to replace the failed clock laneor the failed first clock-data-recovery loop. The phase update sourceselection logic may be a finite state machine.

Advantageously, the present invention may provide phase updateinformation gained from the analysis of the clock signal, or from one ora plurality of data signals, to a phase adjuster to adjust the phase ofthe clock signal which clocks the output of the synchronizer between thedata receivers and the digital core. Furthermore, the dynamic phasedifference between the recovered data clocks in the serial port and theclock of the digital core is minimized and enables the synchronizer tooperate between data clock-data-recovery loops and digital core withminimum number of stages, thereby reducing latency.

Advantageously, the present invention may enable one or a plurality ofdata clock-data-recovery loops to handle a clock signal and todistribute the phase information gained from analysis of the clocksignal to all other data lanes in the serial port and to a phaseadjuster to adjust the phase of the core clock generator which clocksthe output of the synchronizer between the data receivers and thedigital core. Furthermore, by providing a method to convert any of theincident data lanes into the role of the forwarded clock signal laneusing simple digital circuits, the reliability of a serial port may beenhanced without switching of analog high-speed signals. Because thephase adjuster to adjust the phase of the core clock generator is notdirectly connected to the incident forwarded clock signal lane, it is nolonger required to apply special care to the layout of the clock lane toavoid unwanted signal injections, thereby reducing board design andmanufacturing complexity.

The present invention may enable a simple assessment of the quality ofthe forwarded clock signal by means of digital circuitry instead ofcomplex analog measurement circuits. Further, the present invention mayenable out-of-band information signaling in the clock lane.Advantageously, the transfer of status information and/or equalizationinformation between transmitter and receiver may be enabled withoutinterfering with the data transfer protocol. This is equivalent toenable protocol agnostic physical link layer information exchange. Forcases with a full-duplex configuration, a control loop can be formedbetween the receiver and transmitter where the out-of-band informationtransferred in the clock signal of the south-bound serial port is usedas up-channel signaling from the receiver back to the transmitter of thenorth-bound serial port.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention and its embodiments will be more fully appreciated byreference to the following detailed description of presently preferredembodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 a illustrates a block diagram of a unidirectional serial datatransmission system from first chip to second chip according to thestate of the art;

FIG. 1 b illustrates a bidirectional serial transmission system fromfirst chip to second chip according to the state of the art;

FIG. 1 c illustrates a daisy chain connection in where first chip isreceiving data and transfers data to second chip which is furthertransferring data downstream according to the state of the art. In allFIG. 1 a-c, the two chips receive a reference clock from a referenceclock generator according to the state of the art.

FIG. 2 illustrates a receiver for a serial link port with forwardedclock signal according to the state of the art.

FIG. 3 illustrates a receiver for a serial link port according to thepresent invention that is enhanced by a clock-data-recovery loopconnected to the forwarded clock signal lane, a phase interpolationmeans controlled by a phase position logic which gets its update signalfrom the local phase update signals of the clock-data-recovery loop viaa digital low pass filter.

FIG. 4 illustrates a receiver for a serial link port according to thepresent invention that is further enhanced by a distribution of localphase update signals from the clock-data-recovery loop operating on theforwarded clock signal lane or from any of the clock-data-recovery loopsoperating on data lanes.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a synchronizer according to priorart between the phase of the recovered data and the phase of the coreclock.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 3 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of the invention. Theforwarded clock signal 108 incident to the serial link port is fedthrough a multiplexer 202. The output of the multiplexer 202 is fed to aclock buffer 205 whose output 225 is fed into the second CDR loops 212,also referred to as slave CDR loops. It is also fed to a first CDR loop316, also referred to as a master CDR loop, comprising a data receiverfrontend 301, a CDR logic block 302, a phase position logic 304 and aphase adjuster 303 to adjust the phase of the clock signal 308 from thecore clock generator 222. The local phase update signals 313 of thisclock-data-recovery loop 316 are forwarded to a digital low-passfunction 305 which is controlling a phase position logic 306 to updatethe phases in the phase adjuster 307. This phase adjuster 307, alsoreferred to as a digitally controlled phase adjuster, is receiving aclock signal 308 from the core clock generator 222 and shifts the phaseof this signal by an amount as determined by the phase position logic306.

With this approach according to the present invention, the output clockof the phase adjuster 307 is therefore phase locked to the phase of theincident clock lane 108 to minimize the dynamic phase variation betweenthe core clock output signal 308 and the phase of the incident clocksignal 108 to minimize the number of phase compensating stages in theFIFO 217 of a synchronizer 216, thereby substantially reducing thelatency of the serial link transmission system. An alternate core clockoutput 312 is provided to the digital core 103 to ensure theavailability of a clock signal in case of a failure of the abovedescribed function.

The recovered information of the clock signal 314 and the recoveredclock of the clock signal 315 of the clock-data-recovery loop 316 whichis connected to the forwarded signal lane 108 via multiplexer 202 is fedto a clock analyser 309. This block may include logic that determinesthat the recovered information of the clock signal 314 consists of acontinuous sequence of alternating ones and zeros. If this clockanalysis block detects failures in the expected sequence of alternatingones and zeros, it can signal a clock failure indication 310 to thedigital core to notify a higher layer protocol of this failure. It canalso indicate this failure via a control signal 311 to the clockfailover mode switch logic 201 that is controlling the multiplexer 202via control signal 232. The clock failover mode switch logic 201 canthereby feed one of the incident data lanes 107 to the input of theclock-data-recovery loop 316 so that this signal is taking over the roleof the forwarded clock signal. In a preferred embodiment a higher-layerprotocol would consequently rearrange its signaling scheme in a waywhere the selected data lane is transmitting a clock signal.

The data lanes 107 are incident to their respective clock-data-recoveryloops 212. Each clock-data-recovery loop 212 comprises a data receiverfrontend 211, a CDR logic 213, a phase position logic 210 and a phaseadjuster 209 to adjust the phase of the buffered clock signal 225. TheCDR logic 213 analyzes the phase difference between the input signals ofthe data receiver frontend 211, and minimizes this phase difference byupdating the phase position logic 210 accordingly. The CDR logic feedsthe recovered data 214 and the recovered clock 215 from each CDR loop212 to a synchronizer block 216 where the dynamic phase differencebetween the recovered clocks 215 and the core clock 224 is compensated.Each synchronizer 216 comprises a circular FIFO 217, a write/readaddress logic 218 and a synchronization flip-flop 219. The clock of thesynchronization flip-flop 219 is derived from the core clock 224 whichis generated in the core clock generator 222 and shifted in the phaseadjuster 307 and thereby referenced back to the external reference clock223.

FIG. 4 describes a second preferred embodiment of the present invention.The forwarded clock signal 108 incident to the serial link port isconnected to a first CDR loop 316 comprising a first data receiverfrontend 301, a first CDR logic block 302, a first phase position logic304 and a first phase adjuster 303 to adjust the phase of the clocksignal 308 from the core clock generator 222. The local phase updatesignals 406 of this first CDR loop 316 are connected to a global phaseupdate signals bus 409. The data lanes 107 are incident to theirrespective second CDR loops 212. Each second CDR loop 212 comprises asecond data receiver frontend 211, a second CDR logic block 213, asecond phase position logic 410 and a second phase adjuster 209 toadjust the phase of the buffered clock signal 225. The second CDR logic213 analyzes the phase difference between the input signals of the datareceiver frontend 211, and minimizes this phase difference by updatingthe phase position logic 210 accordingly. The phase position logic 410is different than the previously described phase position logic in thatit can also receive phase update signals 408 from outside the CDR loop.The local phase update signals 407 of the second CDR loops 212 areconnected to a global phase update signal bus 409 and the recovered datasignals 214 and recovered clock signals 215 are connected to asynchronizer 216 where the dynamic phase difference between therecovered clock signals 215 and the core clock signal 224 iscompensated. Each synchronizer 216 comprises a circular FIFO 217, awrite/read address logic 218 and a synchronization flip-flop 219. Theclock of the synchronization flip-flop 219 is derived from the coreclock 224 which is generated in the core clock generator 222 and therebyreferenced back to the external reference clock 223.

A global phase update source selection logic block 404 selects which ofthe local phase update signals 407, 406 are used to be fed back asexternal phase update signals 408 to the CDR loops 212 and alsoforwarded as control signals 405 to a digital low-pass function 305which is controlling a phase position logic 306 to update the phases inthe phase adjuster 307. This phase adjuster 307 receives a clock signal308 from the core clock generator 222 and shifts the phase of thissignal by an amount as determined by the phase position logic 306. Theselection of phase update signals 407, 405 in the global phase updatesource selection logic block 404 is controlled by information fed via acontrol signal 402 to the phase update source selection logic block 404from a clock analyser 401.

The recovered information of the clock signal 314 and the recoveredclock of the clock signal 315 of the first CDR loop 316 which isconnected to the forwarded signal lane 108 are fed to a clock analyser401. This block can for example contain logic that determines that therecovered information of the clock signal 314 consists of a continuoussequence of alternating ones and zeros. If this clock analysis blockdetects failures in the expected sequence of alternating ones and zeros,it can signal a clock failure indication 403 to the digital core tonotify a higher layer protocol of this failure. It would be preferred ifa higher-layer protocol would consequently rearrange its signalingscheme in a way where the selected data lane is transmitting a clocksignal, but this is not an absolute requirement.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the forwarded clock signallane as described in this preferred embodiment is no longer connected tothe clock-data-recovery loops 212 via a clock buffer 205 as described inthe first preferred embodiment. This enables the clock signal to be avariable waveform not restricted to a consecutive alternating sequenceof ones and zeros. In extension to the clock analyser 309 as describedin the first preferred embodiment, this clock analyser 401 can thereforeanalyze the waveform of the clock in much more complex ways. Inparticular, a well defined set of deviation of the consecutivealternating sequence of ones and zeros can be used to form anout-of-band information signal. For example, the alternating sequence ofones and zeros can be arbitrarily inverted after 32 ones and zeros, eachinversion corresponding to a one and zero bit of the out-of-bandinformation stream. This out-of-band information stream can be used for,but not limited to, signaling of status information like adaptiveequalization updates, general link status signaling, transmittingamplitude negotiation plus distinction between normal operation andelectrical idle state. A transmitter may be built that may generate suchsignals.

With the approach outlined in this second preferred embodiment accordingto the present invention, the output clock of the phase adjuster 307 isphase locked to the phase of the incident clock lane 108 to minimize thedynamic phase variation between the core clock output signal 224 and thephase of the incident clock signal 107 to minimize the number of phasecompensating stages in the FIFO 217 of a synchronizer 216, therebygreatly reducing the latency of the serial link transmission system. Analternate core clock output 312 is provided to the digital core 103 toensure the availability of a clock signal in case of a failure of theabove described function. With this preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, it is also possible to convert an incident data lane 107 intothe role of the forwarded clock signal lane 108 without an analogmultiplexer 202, thereby reducing design complexity.

The present invention results in several advantages. First, latency ofthe serial link transmission system is reduced because the read clockincident to the synchronizer and the recovered clock incident to thesynchronizer are phase locked on-chip where the overall drift effectsare relatively smaller and relatively more controllable in comparison toin the distribution paths of the reference clocks.

Second, the detection of a clock failure is relatively simplifiedbecause this detection can be implemented in digital form. Third, theconversion of a data lane into the role of the forwarded clock signallane via digital circuitry is enabled without an analog multiplexer,therefore reducing design complexity. Fourth, analysis of the quality ofthe forwarded clock signal is relatively simplified by enabling qualityanalysis by means of a simple logic function instead of a complicatedanalog circuitry, thereby reducing design complexity and enhancingtestability. Finally, a receiver of a serial link port is enabled todetect out-of-band information transmitted via a variable clockwaveform, thereby enabling signaling of status information like adaptiveequalization updates, general link status signaling, transmit amplitudenegotiation plus distinction between normal operation and electricalidle state.

Alternatives to various elements of the invention are envisaged. Forexample, the clock generator 222 may be an oscillator, a PLL, a DLL orone or a plurality of clock buffers driven from an external referenceclock. Further, the digitally controlled slave phase adjuster 307 toadjust the phase of said clock generator 222 may be a phaseinterpolator, a phase selector, a phase rotator, a DLL, a variable delayline, or an analog multiplier. Also, the synchronizer may comprise adaisy chain connection of synchronization flip-flops, a shift register,a register bank, a FIFO, a circular FIFO or a dual port RAM. The presentsystem may be used for data transmission having non-return-to-zeromodulation, duo-binary modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, or multilevel data modulation. Furthermore, the present system may be used forsynchronous, plesiochronous, or asynchronous data transmission links.

Having illustrated and described preferred embodiments for a novelmethod and apparatus for handling of clock information in serial linkports, it is noted that variations and modifications in the method andthe apparatus can be made without departing from the scope of theinvention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. Receiver apparatus for a serial link,comprising: a first clock-data-recovery loop having a digitallycontrolled phase adjuster comprising recovery means to recover data anda clock signal, and generation means to generate information about aphase difference between an input phase signal and a clock phase signal;a clock generator having a digitally controlled second phase adjuster toadjust a phase of said clock generator; a distributor to distributephase difference information in digital form between said firstclock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled second phaseadjuster of said clock generator; a synchronizer to transfer recovereddata to a clock domain with a clock derived from said digitallycontrolled second phase adjuster of said clock generator; and whereinsaid clock signal is a variable waveform and wherein variations in aclock signal waveform carry out of band information.
 2. The receiveraccording to claim 1, having at least one second clock-data-recoveryloop connected to at least one data lane.
 3. The receiver according toclaim 2, having at least one synchronizer, each synchronizer connectedto one of said at least one second clock-data-recovery loop.
 4. Thereceiver according to claim 3, wherein said first clock-data-recoveryloop is connected to a clock lane by one of a direct connection and anindirect connection.
 5. The receiver according to claim 2, wherein saiddistributor comprises one or a plurality of wires carrying digitalsignals.
 6. The receiver according to claim 5, wherein said distributorfurther comprises a digital filter, wherein said digital filter isconnected along at least one wire between said first clock-data-recoveryloop and said second phase adjuster of said clock generator.
 7. Thereceiver according to claim 5, wherein said distributor furthercomprises a digital filter, wherein said digital filter is connectedalong at least one wire between said first clock-data-recovery loop andall said at least one second clock-data-recovery loops.
 8. The receiveraccording to claim 1, wherein an output clock from said second phaseadjuster of said clock generator is used to control at least one of aclock of a data transmitter and a clock of a digital core.
 9. Thereceiver according to claim 8, wherein said digitally controlled secondphase adjuster of said clock generator is located at an output of saidclock generator.
 10. The receiver according to claim 8, wherein saiddigitally controlled second phase adjuster of said clock generator islocated in a feedback loop within said clock generator.
 11. The receiveraccording to claim 1, wherein an output of said firstclock-data-recovery loop is input to a clock analyzer.
 12. The receiveraccording to claim 11, wherein said clock analyzer determines quality ofthe clock signal as recovered by said first clock-data-recovery loop.13. The receiver according to claim 1, wherein said out-of-bandinformation is used to signal at least one of status information, asynchronization completed indication, power ok indication, equalizationinformation, signal amplitude negotiation information, information usedfor link mode switching such as electrical idle indication, power-downindication, sleep mode indication.
 14. The receiver according to claim13, wherein an output of said first clock-data-recovery loop is fed to adetector for detecting said out-of-band information.
 15. The receiveraccording to claim 14, wherein said detected out-of-band information isused in said serial link receiver, or forwarded directly or afterprocessing to a data transmitter or to a digital core.
 16. A method forhandling of clock information in a receiver of a serial link, the methodcomprising the steps of: recovering data and a clock signal via a firstclock-data-recovery loop having a digitally controlled phase adjuster;generating information about a phase difference between an input phaseand a clock phase; adjusting a phase of a clock generator having adigitally controlled second phase adjuster; distributing said phasedifference information in digital form between said firstclock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled phase adjuster ofsaid clock generator; transferring said recovered data to a clock domainwith a clock derived from said digitally controlled phase adjuster ofsaid clock generator; and wherein said clock signal is a variablewaveform and wherein variations in a clock signal waveform carry out ofband information.
 17. A serial data transmission link system having atleast one receiver comprising: a first clock-data-recovery loop having adigitally controlled phase adjuster comprising recovery means to recoverdata and a clock signal, and generation means to generate informationabout a phase difference between an input phase signal and a clock phasesignal; a clock generator having a digitally controlled second phaseadjuster to adjust a phase of said clock generator; a distributor todistribute phase difference information in digital form between saidfirst clock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled secondphase adjuster of said clock generator; a synchronizer to transferrecovered data to a clock domain with a clock derived from saiddigitally controlled second phase adjuster of said clock generator; andwherein said clock signal is a variable waveform and wherein variationsin a clock signal waveform carry out of band information.
 18. Datatransmission link system comprising two or more serial link transmissionsystems as set forth in claim 17 connected in one of daisy chain,full-duplex, half-duplex and simultaneous bidirectional configuration totransmit data between microprocessor chips.
 19. A serial datatransmission link system having a plurality of data lanes plus aforwarded clock signal lane each having a receiver comprising: a firstclock-data-recovery loop having a digitally controlled phase adjustercomprising recovery means to recover data and a clock signal, andgeneration means to generate information about a phase differencebetween an input phase signal and a clock phase signal; a clockgenerator having a digitally controlled second phase adjuster to adjusta phase of said clock generator; a distributor to distribute phasedifference information in digital form between said first clock-data-recovery loop and said digitally controlled second phase adjuster ofsaid clock generator; a synchronizer to transfer recovered data to aclock domain with a clock derived from said digitally controlled secondphase adjuster of said clock generator; and wherein said clock signal isa variable waveform and wherein variations in a clock signal waveformcarry out of band information.